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Chess openings for White: how to start a game

White moves first - and that choice decides what kind of game it will be. Gathered here are the openings played with White: the open games after 1.e4, the closed ones after 1.d4, and the flank starts 1.c4 and 1.Nf3. Every opening comes with a walkthrough on the board, move by move.

Why with White you choose an opening rather than settle for one

The first move is White's only advantage, and it lies not in the extra tempo as such but in the right to set the theme. Until White has moved, the opponent does not know whether it will be an open fight with early exchanges in the centre or a slow positional squeeze. Black answers all game; White proposes.

Hence a practical consequence: with White it is enough to learn one first move and three or four schemes behind it. You do not have to prepare against everything in existence - you need to know what you are doing against the most common replies. A repertoire with White is almost always more compact than one with Black.

White's edge is objectively small: the statistics of the large databases give them around 52-55% of the points. That is not a win but the right to impose a comfortable position first - and it is exactly the sort of margin that preparation can turn into a result.

Open games for White (1.e4 e5)

Semi-open games for White (1.e4)

Closed and Indian openings for White (1.d4, 1.c4)

Flank openings for White

Where to start with White

Three workable starts for different temperaments. Take one and play it for at least a month - that does more good than knowing five of them superficially.

How to learn an opening with White

  1. 1Choose your first move and stick with it1.e4 gives open positions and fast play; 1.d4 gives closed, positional ones. Both are good; the only bad thing is switching between them every game, because then no experience accumulates.
  2. 2Go through the main line on the boardPlay the opening move by move with the notes - why each move, where the pieces go, where the king will be. Understanding the plan replaces a dozen memorised lines.
  3. 3Cover the three most common repliesLook at what people most often answer with at your level and prepare for exactly that. Deal with rare continuations as you meet them, not in advance.
  4. 4Play, and go through your own gamesAfter a game, go back to the position where your preparation ran out and find the right plan. That is what studying an opening actually is.
  5. 5Add to the repertoire graduallyWhen your main scheme runs on autopilot, add a second one - against a particular awkward reply. Not before.

Typical mistakes in the opening with White

  • Early queen sorties in the hope of a trap: the opponent develops with tempo by attacking it, and the advantage of the first move is gone.
  • More than two moves with one piece in the opening while the others sit at home.
  • Chasing a pawn at the cost of development - a won b2-pawn often costs three tempi and the position.
  • Delaying castling: a king in the centre with the lines opening is the main cause of short losses.
  • Changing opening after every loss. What loses is usually not the opening but the plan in the middlegame.

Common questions

Which opening with White is best for beginners?

The Italian Game after 1.e4 e5: the pieces develop to natural squares, the plans make sense, and the typical tactical blows turn up in every other game. The second option is the London System: one scheme against almost anything Black plays.

What should I play, 1.e4 or 1.d4?

1.e4 leads to open positions, early exchanges and direct play on the king - tactical experience builds faster there. 1.d4 gives closed positions with long manoeuvring. Beginners are usually advised to play 1.e4, but there is no fundamental difference in the strength of the moves.

How many openings do I need to know with White?

One first move and three or four schemes behind it is enough up to the level of a confident amateur. You widen the repertoire when a particular reply from your opponents starts causing trouble regularly.

Does the first move win the game?

No. By the statistics of the large databases White scores around 52-55% - a small advantage, not a decisive one. It only means the right to choose the character of the fight first.

Do I have to learn opening lines by heart?

At amateur level it is more useful to understand the ideas: where the pieces go, where the pawn breaks are and what the plan is in the middlegame. Memorised lines run out on move five or six, and the game has to be played beyond that.

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